Hypertension is a condition where the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high. Over time, it can lead to serious health issues like heart disease, stroke, and kidney damage. Hypertension often develops over many years and may not show noticeable symptoms.

Symptoms: Headaches, shortness of breath, nosebleeds, dizziness, or chest pain (though many people may not experience any symptoms).

Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects how your body processes blood sugar (glucose). Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body doesn’t produce insulin, while Type 2 happens when the body is resistant to insulin. The condition can lead to complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart if not managed properly.

Asthma is a respiratory condition where the airways become inflamed and narrow, making it difficult to breathe. It is often triggered by allergens, infections, cold air, or exercise. Asthma can range from mild to severe and may require medication for management.

Symptoms: Wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, tightness in the chest, especially at night or during physical activity.

Arthritis refers to inflammation of the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and swelling. There are different types, including osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, which affect joint function and mobility. It can impact any joint in the body, often worsening over time.

Symptoms: Joint pain, swelling, reduced range of motion, and stiffness, particularly in the mornings or after prolonged inactivity.

Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation in the air sacs of the lungs, which can fill with fluid or pus. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and ranges from mild to life-threatening, particularly in young children, the elderly, or those with weakened immune systems.

Symptoms: Cough (with or without mucus), fever, chills, shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and confusion (especially in older adults).

A stroke occurs when there is a blockage or rupture in a blood vessel in the brain, cutting off blood supply to parts of the brain. This can lead to permanent brain damage if not treated immediately. The severity and effects of a stroke depend on the part of the brain that is affected.

Symptoms: Sudden numbness or weakness, confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech, difficulty seeing, loss of balance, or severe headache.

Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection primarily affecting the lungs, though it can spread to other parts of the body. It is spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. TB can be treated with antibiotics, but requires long-term medication.

Symptoms: Persistent cough, chest pain, fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, fever, and coughing up blood.

GERD is a chronic digestive condition where stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining. It can cause discomfort and long-term complications if not treated properly. GERD often requires lifestyle changes or medication to manage.

Symptoms: Heartburn, regurgitation of food or sour liquid, difficulty swallowing, chest pain, sore throat, and a chronic cough.

A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens in the eye, which can lead to blurry or impaired vision. It's a common condition, especially with age, and can affect one or both eyes. The lens is normally clear and focuses light, but when a cataract develops, it scatters light, making vision hazy or faded. 

Pterygium, also known as "surfer's eye," is a noncancerous growth of tissue on the conjunctiva (the clear, thin tissue covering the white part of the eye) that can extend onto the cornea. It's often shaped like a wedge. While it can be a cosmetic concern, it's generally not painful but can cause irritation and, if it grows onto the cornea, vision problems. 

Diabetic retinopathy is a serious eye condition that can cause vision loss in people with diabetes. It's caused by high blood sugar levels damaging the blood vessels in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye.